The findings of the present study should be considered with the following limitations. First, the group assignment was not random due to the potential contamination of treatment among the study participants. We selected both groups from the psychiatric units that were similar in terms of the severity of diagnosis and the frequencies of providing routine care to the patients. However, we cannot eliminate the potential confounding factor existing in unit differences. Second, the study participants who agreed to participate may be different from the general population of patients with schizophrenia in terms of motivation and performance. The experimental and control groups were categorized as borderline schizophrenia. It would be difficult to generalize the study findings to those with a different disease severity. Third, we also recommend further studies to examine the long-term effectiveness of group music therapy by incorporating 6-month, 1-year and 2-year follow-ups.