The original designs were based on yeast properties (top vs. bottomfermenting yeast), beer style, tradition as well as availability of construction material (Boulton & Quain, 2006). The types of fermenters range from open and closed squares to horizontal and vertical cylindrical vessels. The most popular fermenter style for batch fermentations is the cylindroconical fermenter where fermentations are conducted in enclosed vertical cylindrical vessels with cone shape bases (cylindroconical vessels-CCVs). CCVs have become the preferred technology in modern breweries due to their lower costs (capital and operating), efficiency (decreased beer losses, increased vessel utilization, CO2 collection and CIP
cleaning) and footprint (less area). The most favoured material for CCV construction is stainless steel. Its ideal properties include strength and rigidity, it is inert and corrosion resistant, cleanable, malleable and has good thermal conductivity.