Economic aspect The total capital needed for installing the system of photovoltaic comprises all part of the system such as the panels, inverter or controller, cables of power, pump and pipe. Considering from this point that the system of photovoltaic does not have the operation cost compared to the diesel generator who has very high cost of maintenance while its efficiency drops with time, it can be proved that even with higher capital cost of PV panels than diesel generator, photovoltaic water pumping system is the most cost effective for remote areas. Overall look on the economic comparison between solar photovoltaic system, electric gird and diesel fuel shows that the highest capital cost is for electric utility the same as operation and maintenance cost, which is higher than PV panels. On the other hand, after 10 years the replacement for both PV panels and electric utility is only the controller and/or pump while for the diesel generator, the only replacement is to buy new both generator and pump. Meah et al. [12] by calculating the total cost of the life cycle within 25 years with the same assumptions for all three systems which were diesel generator, electric grid connection and solar energy, proved that the photovoltaic system is the most suitable option for remote rural areas while it has the lowest cost of the life cycle.
2.1.2. Environmental aspect The next parameter for choosing the suitable water pumping system is determining the impact of each system in the environment. Besides the serious environmental pollution caused by carbon dioxide emission, mostly by using fossil fuel, carbon dioxide emission is a strong indicator of economic growth of each country. By simple calculation of the carbon dioxide emissions from different fossil fuels for a water pumping system, PV panel life cycle proves that only system does not have any adverse effect on the environment is the photovoltaic system while the
diesel generator has both air pollution and sound pollution and electric utility system generated by windmills, although does not produce any air pollution, but it makes sound pollution and also has a considerable visual impact. The conclusion of all these calculations and comparison is the suitable installation and design of a system in order to supply sufficient water for the agricultural purpose.
2.1.3. Types of solar photovoltaic pumping systems An overall explanation about how the photovoltaic water pumping system works was reviewed. As it was mentioned before the system has two general models: AC and DC. Since the PV system has been invented most of the researches had focused on the DC motors or direct-couple photovoltaic and their functions. Firatoglu and Yesilata [13] found out that at insolation range of the DC motors with the direct-coupled system, the maximum power point (MPP) of the photovoltaic arrays significantly diverges from the operating points while Short and Oldach [14] and Short and Burton [15] proved that in the continuous different weather condition, a direct-coupled system operates at MPP of the photovoltaic array. Benlarbi et al. [16] demonstrated that contrarily with DC motors, since in AC models the system works by inverters and induction motors. Therefore, it can be a better option and with having stronger induction motors AC motors are free of maintenance and with lower cost the system it has more diversity and availability, which totally make the system more reliable while DC motors have serious problems with system maintenance [17]. Odeh et al. [18] also came up with the effect of the pump and well mismatching on the performance of AC motors, determining the sufficiency of the system under different conditions and finally calculating the best possible size of the PV array based on the analyzing the cost of the system’s life cycle. In general, AC motors can offer more occasions for control strategies and improving the efficiencies. On the other hand, the photovoltaic water pumping systems have some issue. Jafar [19] counts some factors that make replacing the solar water pump with conventional pump not practical. Some of these issues are: system high initial cost, insufficient information about solar systems, lack of technician and expertise for installing and maintaining and lack of knowledge to forecast the daily output
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of photovoltaic water pumping sys
Economic aspect The total capital needed for installing the system of photovoltaic comprises all part of the system such as the panels, inverter or controller, cables of power, pump and pipe. Considering from this point that the system of photovoltaic does not have the operation cost compared to the diesel generator who has very high cost of maintenance while its efficiency drops with time, it can be proved that even with higher capital cost of PV panels than diesel generator, photovoltaic water pumping system is the most cost effective for remote areas. Overall look on the economic comparison between solar photovoltaic system, electric gird and diesel fuel shows that the highest capital cost is for electric utility the same as operation and maintenance cost, which is higher than PV panels. On the other hand, after 10 years the replacement for both PV panels and electric utility is only the controller and/or pump while for the diesel generator, the only replacement is to buy new both generator and pump. Meah et al. [12] by calculating the total cost of the life cycle within 25 years with the same assumptions for all three systems which were diesel generator, electric grid connection and solar energy, proved that the photovoltaic system is the most suitable option for remote rural areas while it has the lowest cost of the life cycle.
2.1.2. Environmental aspect The next parameter for choosing the suitable water pumping system is determining the impact of each system in the environment. Besides the serious environmental pollution caused by carbon dioxide emission, mostly by using fossil fuel, carbon dioxide emission is a strong indicator of economic growth of each country. By simple calculation of the carbon dioxide emissions from different fossil fuels for a water pumping system, PV panel life cycle proves that only system does not have any adverse effect on the environment is the photovoltaic system while the
diesel generator has both air pollution and sound pollution and electric utility system generated by windmills, although does not produce any air pollution, but it makes sound pollution and also has a considerable visual impact. The conclusion of all these calculations and comparison is the suitable installation and design of a system in order to supply sufficient water for the agricultural purpose.
2.1.3. Types of solar photovoltaic pumping systems An overall explanation about how the photovoltaic water pumping system works was reviewed. As it was mentioned before the system has two general models: AC and DC. Since the PV system has been invented most of the researches had focused on the DC motors or direct-couple photovoltaic and their functions. Firatoglu and Yesilata [13] found out that at insolation range of the DC motors with the direct-coupled system, the maximum power point (MPP) of the photovoltaic arrays significantly diverges from the operating points while Short and Oldach [14] and Short and Burton [15] proved that in the continuous different weather condition, a direct-coupled system operates at MPP of the photovoltaic array. Benlarbi et al. [16] demonstrated that contrarily with DC motors, since in AC models the system works by inverters and induction motors. Therefore, it can be a better option and with having stronger induction motors AC motors are free of maintenance and with lower cost the system it has more diversity and availability, which totally make the system more reliable while DC motors have serious problems with system maintenance [17]. Odeh et al. [18] also came up with the effect of the pump and well mismatching on the performance of AC motors, determining the sufficiency of the system under different conditions and finally calculating the best possible size of the PV array based on the analyzing the cost of the system’s life cycle. In general, AC motors can offer more occasions for control strategies and improving the efficiencies. On the other hand, the photovoltaic water pumping systems have some issue. Jafar [19] counts some factors that make replacing the solar water pump with conventional pump not practical. Some of these issues are: system high initial cost, insufficient information about solar systems, lack of technician and expertise for installing and maintaining and lack of knowledge to forecast the daily output
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of photovoltaic water pumping sys
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ด้านเงินทุนที่จำเป็นสำหรับการติดตั้งระบบเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ประกอบด้วยทุกส่วนของระบบเศรษฐกิจ เช่น แผงอินเวอร์เตอร์หรือตัวควบคุม , สายเคเบิลไฟฟ้า , ปั๊มและท่อ พิจารณาจากจุดนี้ว่าระบบของแผงเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์มีต้นทุนเมื่อเทียบกับเครื่องกำเนิดไฟฟ้าดีเซลที่มีราคาสูงมากในการบำรุงรักษาในขณะที่ประสิทธิภาพของ EF จึงลดลงกับเวลามันสามารถพิสูจน์ได้ว่าแม้จะมีสูงกว่าต้นทุนของแผงเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์กว่าเครื่องกำเนิดไฟฟ้าดีเซล , ระบบสูบน้ำพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์เป็นค่าใช้จ่ายที่มีประสิทธิภาพมากที่สุดสำหรับพื้นที่ห่างไกล ดูโดยรวมในการเปรียบเทียบทางเศรษฐกิจระหว่างพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์แผงเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ระบบเชื้อเพลิงดีเซลและไฟฟ้าไว้ แสดงให้เห็นว่า ทุนสูงสุด คือ ไฟฟ้า สาธารณูปโภคเช่นเดียวกับการดำเนินงานและการบำรุงรักษาค่าใช้จ่ายซึ่งสูงกว่าแผงเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ . บนมืออื่น ๆ หลังจาก 10 ปี เปลี่ยนทั้งแผงพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์และไฟฟ้ามีเพียง แต่ควบคุมและ / หรือปั๊มในขณะที่สำหรับเครื่องกำเนิดไฟฟ้าดีเซล , การแทนที่เท่านั้นที่จะซื้อใหม่ทั้งเครื่อง และเครื่องสูบน้ำ meah et al .[ 12 ] โดยคำนวณต้นทุนรวมของวงจรชีวิตภายใน 25 ปี โดยสมมติฐานเดียวกันทั้งหมด 3 ระบบ ได้แก่เครื่องกำเนิดไฟฟ้าดีเซล , การเชื่อมต่อตารางไฟฟ้าและพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์ , พิสูจน์ว่า ระบบคือตัวเลือกที่เหมาะสมที่สุดสำหรับชนบทห่างไกล ในขณะที่มีต้นทุนถูกที่สุดของวงจรชีวิต .
2.1.2 .สิ่งแวดล้อมด้านพารามิเตอร์ต่อไปสำหรับการเลือกที่เหมาะสมระบบสูบน้ำจะกำหนดผลกระทบของแต่ละระบบในสภาพแวดล้อม นอกจากนี้ปัญหาสิ่งแวดล้อมมลพิษที่เกิดจากการปล่อยก๊าซคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์เป็นส่วนใหญ่ โดยการใช้เชื้อเพลิงฟอสซิล การปล่อยก๊าซคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์เป็นตัวบ่งชี้ที่แข็งแกร่งของการเติบโตทางเศรษฐกิจของแต่ละประเทศโดยคำนวณง่ายๆ จากการปล่อยก๊าซคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์จากเชื้อเพลิงฟอสซิลที่แตกต่างกันสำหรับระบบสูบน้ำ วงจรชีวิตของแผงเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ได้พิสูจน์แล้วว่าระบบเท่านั้นไม่ได้มีใด ๆผลกระทบต่อสิ่งแวดล้อม คือ ระบบเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ในขณะที่
เครื่องกำเนิดไฟฟ้าดีเซลมีทั้งมลพิษอากาศและมลพิษเสียงและไฟฟ้า สาธารณูปโภค ระบบที่สร้างขึ้นโดยกังหันลม ,
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