the 20 elderly individuals 70 years old selected to participate in this study lived in city S, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, visited the S Senior Welfare Center, and were randomly assigned to the Nordic walking group or general exercise grope, The inclusion criteria were as follow: ability to understand and agree with the purpose of this study, ability to communicate and demonstrate normal cognition (MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination-Korea): a score>24) , and more than 2 points based on the criteria for frailty in older adults. Prior to participation, all participants were informed about the study's aims and procedures and signed informed consent forms.
This study conformed to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, The general characteristic of the subjects are shown in Table.