The term school leader rather than principals is used in Figure 1 deliberately. Although the ISSPP is
focused on principal leadership, there is sufficient evidence from the project to broaden the model to
apply to all school leaders (senior leaders, middle-level leaders, and perhaps teacher leaders). For
principals, the model locates much of their work at level 2, helping to develop the adults in a school.
They also often work at level 3 actively responding to and influencing the wider context, and sometimes
at level 1, depending to a large extent on the school context, with school size a key determiner of the
extent to which they work directly with teachers in classrooms (principals of smaller schools tend to
work more closely with teachers directly).