The health effects of chronic coffee intake are wide-ranging. The cardiovascular effects of coffee are still debated, although most recent findings indicate that moderate coffee consumption is unlikely to adversely affect cardiovascular outcome. The potential benefits of chronic coffee intake also include protection against neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. However, most data on coffee's health effects are based on observational data, with very few randomized, controlled studies. In addition, a considerable interindividual variability in cardiovascular and psychoactive responses to coffee drinking has been observed: this is in part due to tolerance, but there is evidence that variability may have a genetic basis.
Coffee is a famous drink consumed throughout the world for its flavor and aroma. The drink has been studied due to its properties and effects on the human organism in several areas of science, and dentistry. Coffee extracts present their effects in several segments of oral health, as in tooth staining, dental plaque accumulation and caries development, restorative materials properties, and so on. As coffee is part of the dietary habits of most people, it is important to know these effects and how to use the advantages of the drink and control its adverse effects to provide and maintain conditions of oral health.