MNC affiliates are composed of host-country nationals
and expatriates. Researchers have found that expatriates often act as "carriers"
of culture in MNCs [Edstrom and Galbraith 1977; Lincoln, Olson and
Hanada 1978], tending to introduce in the affiliate some features of the
parent country culture. Accordingly, we would expect MNC affiliates with
a high presence of expatriates to tend relatively more to resemble their
parent firns, and conversely, for affiliates composed almost exclusively of
host-country citizens to adhere closely to the practices of the local environment.