While Hirsch tended to privilege the artistic creators of the raw material that will be pass through the system, those production of culture perspective have been explicitly opposed to he i that are simply the of individua artists. One of the starting points for this approach is Howard 1976). Becker had argued that works of art could be understood by conceptualizing them as 'the result of the coordinated activities of all the people whose cooperation is necessary in order that the work should occur as it does' (1976: 41).