Immunological gene therapy: the immunological gene therapy approach to oral cancer involves either increasing of immunologic potential of tumour cells or augmenting patient’s immune response to tumour. Cytokines or immune regulatory proteins can be introduced into the HNSCC cells to upregulate the body’s own immune response to the tumour cells. Cytokine gene transfer can be performed in vivo where tumour cells or immune cells are transfected in the body, or ex vivo where the cells are removed from the body for transfection and replaced back into the body. Immunotherapy is moving towards acceptance in melano- ma, lymphoma and some virus induced malignancies