It is clear that globalisation has failed to rid the world of poverty. Rather than being an unstoppable force for development, globalisation now seems more like an economic temptress, promising riches to everyone but only delivering to the few. Although global average per capita income rose strongly throughout the 20th century, the income gap between rich and poor countries has been widening for many decades. Globalisation has not worked.
The reason globalisation has not worked is because there has not been enough of it. If countries, including the rich industrialised ones, got rid of all their protectionist measures, everyone would benefit from the resulting increase in international trade: it's simple economics. If unnecessary government regulation can be eliminated, and investors and corporations can act freely, the result will be an overall increase in prosperity as the "invisible hand" of the market does its work.
Tell that to countries that have followed this route. I doubt many people in Argentina would agree. Many developing countries have done exactly what free market evangelists such as the International Monetary Fund told them to and have failed to see the benefits. The truth is that no industrialised society developed through such policies. American businesses were protected from foreign competition in the 19th century, as were companies in more recent "success stories" such as South Korea. Faith in the free market contradicts history and statistical evidence.
You're looking at the wrong statistics. In most cases, low-income countries are the ones that have not been able to integrate with the global economy as quickly as others, partly because of their chosen policies and partly because of factors outside their control. The plain truth is that no country, least of all the poorest, can afford to remain isolated from the world economy.
Even if this were true, what about the other unwanted effects of globalisation? The power of corporations and the global financial markets adversely affect the sovereignty of countries by limiting governments' ability to determine tax and exchange rate policies as well as their ability to impose regulations on companies' behaviour. Countries are now involved in a "race to the bottom" to attract and retain investment; multinational corporations are taking advantage of this to employ sweatshop labour and then skim off huge profits while paying very little tax.
First, governments' sovereignty has not been compromised. The power of the biggest corporations is nothing compared with that of government. Can a company raise taxes or an army? No. Second, nations are not involved in a "race to the bottom". Figures last year showed that governments around the world are on average collecting slightly more taxes in real terms than they were 10 years earlier. And the argument that workers in poorer countries are being exploited is hard to support. They are clearly better off working for multinationals. If they weren't, they wouldn't work for them. In fact research shows that wages paid by foreign firms to workers in poorer countries are about double the local manufacturing wage.
But what about these so-called multilateral organisations like the IMF, World Bank and World Trade Organisation? I don't remember electing them, so what gives them the right to say how countries run their own affairs? Isn't it obvious that these organisations only serve the interests of the US and to a lesser extent the other rich countries? Their only role is to peddle the neoliberal orthodoxy - the Washington consensus - that only impoverishes the poorest nations and maximises the profits of multinationals.
It is only through organisations such as these that the less developed countries have a chance to improve their situations. The IMF is there to bail out countries that get into financial difficulties. Governments go to the IMF because the alternative is much worse. If the IMF and its sister organisation, the World Bank, were shut down, the flow of resources to developing countries would diminish, leaving the developing world even worse off. The WTO is a different kind of organisation and is run on a one-country-one-vote basis with no regard for the economic power of each nation; every single member has a veto. In addition, no country can be compelled to obey a WTO rule that it opposed in the first place.
Het is duidelijk dat de mondialisering niet in geslaagd de wereld van armoede te verlossen. In plaats van wordt een onstuitbare kracht voor ontwikkeling, globalisering nu schijnt meer als een economische verleidster, veelbelovende rijkdom voor iedereen maar alleen leveren aan het paar. Hoewel mondiale gemiddelde per capita-inkomen steeg sterk gedurende de 20e eeuw, heeft de inkomenskloof tussen rijke en arme landen zijn widening voor vele decennia. Globalisering heeft niet gewerkt.De mondialisering heeft niet gewerkt reden is omdat er al niet genoeg van. Als landen, met inbegrip van de rijke geïndustrialiseerde landen, van alle hun protectionistische maatregelen verlost, iedereen zou profiteren van de hieruit resulterende toename in de internationale handel: het is eenvoudige economie. Als onnodige overheidsregelgeving kan worden geëlimineerd, en beleggers en ondernemingen vrij kunnen handelen, zullen het resultaat een algemene stijging van de welvaart als de "onzichtbare hand" van de markt zijn werk doet.Vertel dat aan landen die deze weg hebben gevolgd. Ik betwijfel of dat veel mensen in Argentinië zou eens. Veel ontwikkelingslanden hebben precies gedaan wat vrije markt evangelisten zoals het Internationaal Monetair Fonds zei dat ze moesten en hebben gefaald om te zien de voordelen. De waarheid is dat geen industrialiseerde samenleving ontwikkeld door middel van dergelijk beleid. Amerikaanse bedrijven werden beschermd tegen buitenlandse concurrentie in de 19e eeuw, zoals bedrijven in meer recente "succesverhalen" zoals Zuid-Korea waren. Geloof in de vrije markt in tegenspraak is met geschiedenis en statistisch bewijs.Je zoekt op de verkeerde statistieken. In de meeste gevallen zijn landen met lage inkomens degenen die hebben niet in geslaagd om te integreren met de mondiale economie zo snel als anderen, deels vanwege hun gekozen beleid en deels door factoren buiten hun controle. De vlakte waarheid is dat geen enkel land, minst van al de armste, zich veroorloven kan te blijven geïsoleerd van de wereldeconomie.Zelfs als dit waar was, hoe zit het met de andere ongewenste effecten van de globalisering? De soevereiniteit van landen de kracht van bedrijven en de mondiale financiële markten nadelig beïnvloeden doordat regeringen vermogen om te bepalen van belasting- en wisselkoers beleid, alsook hun vermogen om de regels op het gedrag van bedrijven opleggen. Landen zijn nu betrokken in een "race to the bottom" aantrekken en behouden van investeringen; multinationale ondernemingen profiteren van dit sweatshop arbeidskrachten in dienst en vervolgens bladeren uit enorme winsten terwijl weinig belasting betalen.Eerst, regeringen soevereiniteit niet wordt ontcijferd. De kracht van de grootste bedrijven is dat niets vergeleken met die van de regering. Een bedrijf kan verhogen belastingen of een leger? Nr. Ten tweede, zijn Naties niet betrokken in een "race to the bottom". Cijfers blijkt vorig jaar dat regeringen over de hele wereld gemiddeld iets meer belastingen in reële termen zijn dan ze 10 jaar eerder waren verzamelen. En het argument dat de werknemers in de armere landen worden uitgebuit is moeilijk te ondersteunen. Ze zijn duidelijk beter af werken voor multinationals. Als ze niet waren, niet zou ze voor hen werken. In feite toont onderzoek aan dat de lonen betaald door buitenlandse ondernemingen aan de werknemers in de armere landen over dubbel de loon van de lokale productie zijn.Maar wat over deze zogenaamde multilaterale organisaties zoals het IMF, de Wereldbank en de Wereldhandelsorganisatie? Ik kan me niet herinneren verkiezing van hen, dus wat geeft hen het recht om te zeggen hoe de landen hun eigen zaken uitvoeren? Is het niet duidelijk dat deze organisaties alleen maar de belangen van de VS en in mindere mate de andere rijke landen? Hun enige rol wil leuren de neoliberale orthodoxie - de consensus van Washington - die alleen verzwakt de armste landen en maximaliseert de winsten van multinationals.Het is alleen via organisaties zoals deze dat de minder ontwikkelde landen hebben een kans om te verbeteren van hun situatie. Het IMF is er op borgtocht uit landen die in financiële moeilijkheden komen. Regeringen ga naar het IMF omdat het alternatief veel erger is. Als het IMF en haar zus organisatie, de Wereldbank, werden stilgelegd, de stroom van middelen naar ontwikkelingslanden zou verminderen, waardoor de ontwikkelingslanden nog slechter af. De WTO is een ander soort organisatie en wordt uitgevoerd op basis van één land-één-stem zonder rekening te houden voor de economische macht van elke natie; elk lid heeft een vetorecht. Bovendien, kan geen enkel land worden gedwongen om te gehoorzamen een WTO-regel die het tegen in de eerste plaats.
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It is clear that globalisation has failed to rid the world of poverty. Rather than being an unstoppable force for development, globalisation now seems more like an economic temptress, promising riches to everyone but only delivering to the few. Although global average per capita income rose strongly throughout the 20th century, the income gap between rich and poor countries has been widening for many decades. Globalisation has not worked.
The reason globalisation has not worked is because there has not been enough of it. If countries, including the rich industrialised ones, got rid of all their protectionist measures, everyone would benefit from the resulting increase in international trade: it's simple economics. If unnecessary government regulation can be eliminated, and investors and corporations can act freely, the result will be an overall increase in prosperity as the "invisible hand" of the market does its work.
Tell that to countries that have followed this route. I doubt many people in Argentina would agree. Many developing countries have done exactly what free market evangelists such as the International Monetary Fund told them to and have failed to see the benefits. The truth is that no industrialised society developed through such policies. American businesses were protected from foreign competition in the 19th century, as were companies in more recent "success stories" such as South Korea. Faith in the free market contradicts history and statistical evidence.
You're looking at the wrong statistics. In most cases, low-income countries are the ones that have not been able to integrate with the global economy as quickly as others, partly because of their chosen policies and partly because of factors outside their control. The plain truth is that no country, least of all the poorest, can afford to remain isolated from the world economy.
Even if this were true, what about the other unwanted effects of globalisation? The power of corporations and the global financial markets adversely affect the sovereignty of countries by limiting governments' ability to determine tax and exchange rate policies as well as their ability to impose regulations on companies' behaviour. Countries are now involved in a "race to the bottom" to attract and retain investment; multinational corporations are taking advantage of this to employ sweatshop labour and then skim off huge profits while paying very little tax.
First, governments' sovereignty has not been compromised. The power of the biggest corporations is nothing compared with that of government. Can a company raise taxes or an army? No. Second, nations are not involved in a "race to the bottom". Figures last year showed that governments around the world are on average collecting slightly more taxes in real terms than they were 10 years earlier. And the argument that workers in poorer countries are being exploited is hard to support. They are clearly better off working for multinationals. If they weren't, they wouldn't work for them. In fact research shows that wages paid by foreign firms to workers in poorer countries are about double the local manufacturing wage.
But what about these so-called multilateral organisations like the IMF, World Bank and World Trade Organisation? I don't remember electing them, so what gives them the right to say how countries run their own affairs? Isn't it obvious that these organisations only serve the interests of the US and to a lesser extent the other rich countries? Their only role is to peddle the neoliberal orthodoxy - the Washington consensus - that only impoverishes the poorest nations and maximises the profits of multinationals.
It is only through organisations such as these that the less developed countries have a chance to improve their situations. The IMF is there to bail out countries that get into financial difficulties. Governments go to the IMF because the alternative is much worse. If the IMF and its sister organisation, the World Bank, were shut down, the flow of resources to developing countries would diminish, leaving the developing world even worse off. The WTO is a different kind of organisation and is run on a one-country-one-vote basis with no regard for the economic power of each nation; every single member has a veto. In addition, no country can be compelled to obey a WTO rule that it opposed in the first place.
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아시아 국가들은 이제 하단에"을 유치하며, 투자하고 유지하는 '인종에 참여하고 있으며, 다국적 기업들의 장점 이 노동 착취공장을 채택하고 그 다음은 엄청난 수익 세금을 적게 내면서 걷어내고 있다.
첫째, 정부의 주권가 손상되지 않았습니다. 가장 큰 기업들의 힘 없는 정부에 비해 훨씬 낮다.Het is duidelijk dat de globalisering nog niet bevrijd de wereld van armoede. In plaats van een onstuitbare kracht voor ontwikkeling, de globalisering lijkt nu meer op een economische temptress, belovende rijkdom aan iedereen maar alleen leveren aan het paar. Hoewel de wereldwijde gemiddelde inkomen per capita steeg sterk in de 20e eeuw.De inkomenskloof tussen arme en rijke landen steeds breder geworden voor vele decennia. De globalisering heeft niet gewerkt.
waarom globalisering heeft niet gewerkt is omdat er niet genoeg van. Als landen, met inbegrip van de rijke geïndustrialiseerde landen, verlost van al hun protectionistische maatregelen, zou iedereen kunnen profiteren van de hieruit voortvloeiende toename van de internationale handel: eenvoudig economics.
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