One response has been a move toward community-managed schools. In Nicaragua, school reform has give parents, teachers, and principals greater power over decisions regarding the staffing and educational methods used in local schools. While the results have been mixed, in general student achievement has improved. In El Salvador, a similar program has brought noticeable improvements in the quality of schooling Parental monitoring of community managed schools, for example, has halved the rate of teacher absenteeism there.