We provide two illustrative models that address such difficulties. Both models predict a nontrivial relation
between Q and board structure. Our first model relies on transaction cost based departures from optimal
board structure. We also develop a second model, with negligible transactions costs, in which the data would
be interpreted as tracing an envelope of optimal board structure and jointly determined performance.
We focus here on developing the logic for the first model and defer description of the second model to
Appendix A.