A chemical’s toxicity can be measured in two basic ways: (1) chronic toxicity and (2) acute toxicity. Chronic toxicity refers to the dose of a chemical that, while safe if ingested once, can cause harm if ingested over a long period of time. Acute toxicity, by contrast, refers to the dose of a chemical that, if ingested in one sitting, can cause immediate harm (i.e., poisoning).
In the case of fluoride, early symptoms of acute fluoride poisoning include gastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and headaches. Studies have found that these symptoms are produced by a single ingestion of just 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg (i.e., 0.1 to 0.3 milligrams of fluoride for every kilogram of bodyweight). A child weighing 10 kilograms, therefore, can suffer symptoms of acute toxicity by ingesting just 1 to 3 milligrams of fluoride in a single sitting. As demonstrated here, 1 to 3 mgs of fluoride is found in just 1 to 3 grams of toothpaste (less than 3% of the tube) — including toothpaste that is marketed specifically to children with bubble-gum and fruit flavors. Children, as well as adults, can also ingest acutely toxic doses of fluoride from fluoride gels, food fumigated with sulfuryl fluoride, and tap water following an accident in the fluoridation equipment.
A chemical’s toxicity can be measured in two basic ways: (1) chronic toxicity and (2) acute toxicity. Chronic toxicity refers to the dose of a chemical that, while safe if ingested once, can cause harm if ingested over a long period of time. Acute toxicity, by contrast, refers to the dose of a chemical that, if ingested in one sitting, can cause immediate harm (i.e., poisoning).In the case of fluoride, early symptoms of acute fluoride poisoning include gastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and headaches. Studies have found that these symptoms are produced by a single ingestion of just 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg (i.e., 0.1 to 0.3 milligrams of fluoride for every kilogram of bodyweight). A child weighing 10 kilograms, therefore, can suffer symptoms of acute toxicity by ingesting just 1 to 3 milligrams of fluoride in a single sitting. As demonstrated here, 1 to 3 mgs of fluoride is found in just 1 to 3 grams of toothpaste (less than 3% of the tube) — including toothpaste that is marketed specifically to children with bubble-gum and fruit flavors. Children, as well as adults, can also ingest acutely toxic doses of fluoride from fluoride gels, food fumigated with sulfuryl fluoride, and tap water following an accident in the fluoridation equipment.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
