Bentham begins the ethical part of his book with a blunt statement of total human subordination to pleasure and pain: "Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure."
Note: Both ancient and modern theoreticians used to ground their ethical considerations on what they conceived as the ideal characteristic of man, be it reason, solidarity, goodness, divine origin or something else. Typically, they would deduce the suitable norm of human conduct from an end superimposed on such an ideally conceived nature. Bentham eliminates any normativism of this kind. Instead of deriving the concept of human nature from the ultimate end of human activity (as Aristotle and Jesus did), Bentham draws the idea of human ends from the way how human nature really functions under the guidance of sovereign factors. "Sovereign" was an important word in Hobbes; it denotes independent, ultimate factors possessing supreme authority.
Realism: Bentham accepts the reality of human desires without any prejudgment. This is the point where the question of human motivation vanishes from his radar.
Bentham begins the ethical part of his book with a blunt statement of total human subordination to pleasure and pain: "Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure."Note: Both ancient and modern theoreticians used to ground their ethical considerations on what they conceived as the ideal characteristic of man, be it reason, solidarity, goodness, divine origin or something else. Typically, they would deduce the suitable norm of human conduct from an end superimposed on such an ideally conceived nature. Bentham eliminates any normativism of this kind. Instead of deriving the concept of human nature from the ultimate end of human activity (as Aristotle and Jesus did), Bentham draws the idea of human ends from the way how human nature really functions under the guidance of sovereign factors. "Sovereign" was an important word in Hobbes; it denotes independent, ultimate factors possessing supreme authority.Realism: Bentham accepts the reality of human desires without any prejudgment. This is the point where the question of human motivation vanishes from his radar.
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