The calculated standard deviation (±49%) is substantial and can
be explained by the different types of use and the varying energy
standards of these buildings. The list includes small kindergartens as well as large secondary schools with canteen kitchens, gyms and labs. Consequently, a range from 24 to 197 kWh/(m2a) could be measured. Building No. 1 with a thermal heat consumption of 0 kWh/(m2a) is a school building in passive design, heated with a earth-to-air heat pump system. The total energy required to heat the building on a set temperature is electricity and therefore included in the consumption values in Fig. 7