4 Online and offline
Learner experience can extend outside the mobile learning app. For example, we can use push notifications to wake up an app under certain conditions (e.g., location change) or to generate a new application to handle different application aspects (Charland& Leroux, 2011). However, when dealing with these data transactions, network status (i.e. online/offline) should be considered. There are several considerations for the online/offline component: (1) access to the Internet; (2) information retrieval; (3) push notifications; (4) connections to other web services; and (5) transferring method (e.g., using XML or JSON). All of these features should be working when mobile devices are in the online status considering its different speeds (e.g., Wi-Fi, 3G, or 4G LTE); at the same time, designers should consider when learners are in the offline status.