In South Africa, Sebela, Fraser, and Aldridge(2003) cross-validated the CLES among 1864 learners in 43 intermediate and senior classes, and they used it to provide feedback that successfully guided teachers in action research aimed at promoting constructivist teaching and learning, In Texas, Dryden and Fraser(1998) cross- validated the CLES among a sample of 1,600 students in 120 Grade 9-12 science classes, and they used it to evaluate the success of an urban systemic reform initiative aimed at promoting constructivist teaching and learning.