1. Introduction
An unexpected incident, such as grounding, can lead to complex technical challenges which require fast and effective response. A stranded ship is in a position not intended by her designers, builders, or operators and is subject to very different forces and conditions than when in normal service. The grounding condition and the environment are the principal sources of forces on a stranded ship. Grounding salvage is time-critical; environmental conditions may improve or worsen with time. A casualty’s condition will deteriorate fast unless appropriate action is taken. The longer a casualty is left without professional assistance, the greater the risk to staff, environment, the vessel and its cargo.