Six hundred forty-nine German-speaking respondents were invited to participate in an online survey about ‘candy products and brands’. No incentives were offered for participation. The link to the survey was distributed via posts in University-Websites, and on social media platforms. Respondents were randomly assigned to one of the groups (control, halal or kosher). As the focus of this study is the exploration of religious labels and how they are perceived by members of other religious groups, we only included non-Muslim and non- Jewish respondents, resulting in 616 cases for the further analyses. For the purpose of this study, the groups represented by the religious logos, Jewish and Muslim, are considered the ‘out-group’ and members of neither Jewish nor Muslim groups are considered the ‘in-group.’ The final sample consists of 64.9% females, and the average respondent age was 26.1 years (SD = 8.1). 64.4 % were students, 18.3 % employees, 4.1 % civil workers, 4.4 % self-employed and 8.8 % stated having another job. Most respondents self-identified as Christian (25.0% Protestant, 49.4% Catholic, 6.3% specific Christian denominations), while 11.7% do not identify with any religion and 7.6% identified with another religion or gave no response.
Figure 2 Model.
Ex ante Measures Ex Post Measures
Moderators
Note: standardized coefficients are shown
H1: 12 = .32***
H6: 21 = .68***
H5: 11 = .91***
H2: 22 = .28***
H3: 31 = .05 T
H4: 32 = .29***
R² = .18
R² = .87
R² = .66
Attitude Religion Attitude Religion
Attitude Brand Attitude Brand
Attitude Product
Nationalism
Cosmopoli- tanism
*** p