Experimental music is a compositional tradition that arose in the mid-20th century, particularly in North America, of music composed in such a way that its outcome is unforeseeable. The American composer John Cage is seen as one of the more notable composers associated with this music (Grant 2003, 174). In France, as early as 1953, Pierre Schaeffer had begun using the term "musique expérimentale" to describe compositional activities that incorporated tape music, musique concrète, and elektronische Musik. Also, in America, a quite distinct sense of the term was used in the late 1950s to describe computer-controlled composition associated with composers such as Lejaren Hiller. In 1958, Hiller became the first director of the Studio for Experimental Music at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
The Groupe de Recherches de Musique Concrète (GRMC), under the leadership of Pierre Schaeffer, organized the First International Decade of Experimental Music between 8 and 18 June 1953. John Cage was also using the term as early as 1955. Composer and critic Michael Nyman starts from Cage's definition and develops the term "experimental" also to describe the work of other American composers (Christian Wolff, Earle Brown, Meredith Monk, Malcolm Goldstein, Morton Feldman, Terry Riley, La Monte Young, Philip Glass, John Cale, Steve Reich, etc.), as well as composers such as Gavin Bryars, Toshi Ichiyanagi, Cornelius Cardew, John Tilbury, Frederic Rzewski, and Keith Rowe (Nyman 1974, 1, 78–81, 93–115).
Harry Partch as well as Ivor Darreg worked with other tuning scales based on the physical laws for harmonic music. For this music they both developed a group of experimental musical instruments. Musique concrète (French; literally, "concrete music"), is a form of electroacoustic music that utilises acousmatic sound as a compositional resource. Free improvisation or free music is improvised music without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s) involved; in many cases the musicians make an active effort to avoid overt references to recognizable musical genres.
Elements of experimental music include indeterminate music, in which the composer introduces the elements of chance or unpredictability with regard to either the composition or its performance. There are many ideas broadly utilized by experimental musicians which are not, however, strictly experimental music concepts, having seen significant application prior to the advent of experimental music, particularly by the avant garde. Examples include: extended techniques (Instrumental or vocal performance techniques that step outside (often far outside) conventional performance techniques) and graphic notation (music which is written in the form of diagrams or drawings. Other elements include "Prepared" instruments—ordinary instruments modified in their tuning or sound-producing characteristics; using instruments, tunings, rhythms or scales from non-Western musical traditions; using sound sources other than conventional musical instruments, such as trash cans, telephone ringers, or doors slamming; creating experimental musical instruments for enhancing the timbre of compositions and exploring new techniques or possibilities; using a tape loop to create a tape phase; and removing perceived barriers of traditional concert settings by putting performers scattered among the audience.
Origin and definition[edit]
The Groupe de Recherches de Musique Concrète (GRMC), under the leadership of Pierre Schaeffer, organized the First International Decade of Experimental Music between 8 and 18 June 1953. This appears to have been an attempt by Schaeffer to reverse the assimilation of musique concrète into the German elektronische Musik, and instead tried to subsume musique concrète, elektronische Musik, tape music, and world music under the rubric "musique experimentale" (Palombini 1993, 18). Publication of Schaeffer's manifesto (Schaeffer 1957) was delayed by four years, by which time Schaeffer was favoring the term "recherche musicale" (music research), though he never wholly abandoned "musique expérimentale" (Palombini 1993a, 19; Palombini 1993b, 557).
John Cage was also using the term as early as 1955. According to Cage's definition, "an experimental action is one the outcome of which is not foreseen"[vague] (Cage 1961, 39), and he was specifically interested in completed works that performed an unpredictable action (Mauceri 1997, 197). In Germany, the publication of Cage's article was anticipated by several months in a lecture delivered by Wolfgang Edward Rebner at the Darmstädter Ferienkurse on 13 August 1954, titled “Amerikanische Experimentalmusik". Rebner's lecture extended the concept back in time to include Charles Ives, Edgard Varèse, and Henry Cowell, as well as Cage, due to their focus on sound as such rather than compositional method (Rebner 1997).
Composer and critic Michael Nyman starts from Cage's definition (Nyman 1974, 1), and develops the term "experimental" also to describe the work of other American composers (Christian Wolff, Earle Brown, Meredith Monk, Malcolm Goldstein, Morton Feldman, Terry Riley, La Monte Young, Philip Glass, John Cale, Steve Reich, etc.), as well as composers such as Gavin Bryars, Toshi Ichiyanagi, Cornelius Cardew, John Tilbury, Frederic Rzewski, and Keith Rowe (Nyman 1974, 78–81, 93–115). Nyman opposes experimental music to the European avant-garde of the time (Boulez, Kagel, Xenakis, Birtwistle, Berio, Stockhausen, and Bussotti), for whom "The identity of a composition is of paramount importance" (Nyman 1974, 2 and 9). The word "experimental" in the former cases "is apt, providing it is understood not as descriptive of an act to be later judged in terms of success or failure, but simply as of an act the outcome of which is unknown" (Cage 1961).
David Cope also distinguishes between experimental and avant garde, describing experimental music as that "which represents a refusal to accept the status quo" (Cope 1997, 222). David Nicholls, too, makes this distinction, saying that "...very generally, avant-garde music can be viewed as occupying an extreme position within the tradition, while experimental music lies outside it" (Nicholls 1998, 318).
Warren Burt cautions that, as "a combination of leading-edge techniques and a certain exploratory attitude", experimental music requires a broad and inclusive definition, "a series of ands, if you will", encompassing such areas as "Cageian influences and work with low technology and improvisation and sound poetry and linguistics and new instrument building and multimedia and music theatre and work with high technology and community music, among others, when these activities are done with the aim of finding those musics 'we don't like, yet,' [citing Herbert Brün] in a 'problem-seeking environment' [citing Chris Mann]” (Burt 1991, 5).
In a recent dissertation, Benjamin Piekut argues that this "consensus view of experimentalism" is based on an a priori "grouping", rather than asking the question "How have these composers been collected together in the first place, that they can now be the subject of a description?" That is, "for the most part, experimental music studies describes [sic] a category without really explaining it" (Piekut 2008, 2–5). He finds laudable exceptions in the work of David Nicholls and, especially, Amy Beal (Piekut 2008, 5), and concludes from their work that "The fundamental ontological shift that marks experimentalism as an achievement is that from representationalism to performativity", so that "an explanation of experimentalism that already assumes the category it purports to explain is an exercise in metaphysics, not ontology" (Piekut 2008, 7).
Leonard B. Meyer, on the other hand, includes under "experimental music" composers rejected by Nyman, such as Berio, Boulez and Stockhausen, as well as the techniques of "total serialism" (Meyer 1994, 106–107 and 266), holding that "there is no single, or even pre-eminent, experimental music, but rather a plethora of different methods and kinds" (Meyer 1994, 237).
In the late 1950s, Lejaren Hiller and L. M. Isaacson used the term in connection with computer-controlled composition, in the scientific sense of "experiment" (Hiller and Isaacson 1959): making predictions for new compositions based on established musical technique (Mauceri 1997, 194–95). The term "experimental music" was used contemporaneously for electronic music, particularly in the early musique concrète work of Schaeffer and Henry in France (Vignal 2003, 298). There is a considerable overlap between Downtown music and what is more generally called experimental music, especially as that term was defined at length by Nyman in his book Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond (1974, second edition 1999).
ดนตรีทดลองเป็นประเพณี compositional ที่เกิดขึ้นในศตวรรษที่ 20 กลาง โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในอเมริกาเหนือ เพลงที่ประกอบในลักษณะผล unforeseeable นักประพันธ์ชาวอเมริกันจอห์นเคจถูกมองว่าเป็นหนึ่งในคีตกวีที่สำคัญมากและเกี่ยวข้องกับเพลงนี้ (ให้ 2003, 174) ในฝรั่งเศส ก่อนที่ 1953, Pierre Schaeffer เริ่มใช้คำว่า "musique expérimentale" เพื่ออธิบายกิจกรรม compositional ที่รวมเทปเพลง musique concrète และเยอรมนี Musik ยัง ในอเมริกา ความรู้สึกที่ค่อนข้างแตกต่างกันของคำใช้ในช่วงปลายทศวรรษ 1950 เพื่ออธิบายประกอบคอมพิวเตอร์ควบคุมสัมพันธ์กับคีตกวีเช่นดีฮิลเลอร์ Lejaren ใน 1958 ดีฮิลเลอร์เป็น ผู้กำกับครั้งแรกของสตูดิโอเพลงทดลองที่มหาวิทยาลัยอิลลินอยส์เออร์บานาแชมเพนDe Groupe de Recherches Musique Concrète (GRMC), ภายใต้การนำของ Pierre Schaeffer จัดแรกนานาชาติทศวรรษของดนตรีทดลองระหว่าง 8 และ 18 1953 มิถุนายน จอห์นเคจยังถูกใช้ในระยะก่อนเป็น 1955 นักประพันธ์และนักวิจารณ์ Michael Nyman เริ่มต้นจากคำจำกัดความของกรง และพัฒนาคำว่า "ทดลอง" ให้อธิบายการทำงานของคีตกวีชาวอเมริกันอื่น ๆ (Wolff คริสเตียน Earle สีน้ำตาล พระ Meredith, Malcolm Goldstein, Feldman มอร์ตัน เทอร์รี่ Riley ลามอนหนุ่ม ฟิลิปแก้ว Cale จอห์น Steve Reich ฯลฯ), และคีตกวีเกวิน Bryars, Toshi Ichiyanagi, Cornelius Cardew บริการ Tilbury จอห์น เฟรดเด Rzewski และคีธ Rowe (1974, Nyman 1, 78-81, 93-115)Partch แฮร์รี่เป็นไอเวอร์ Darreg ทำงานร่วมกับเครื่องชั่งน้ำหนักปรับแต่งอื่น ๆ ตามกฎหมายทางกายภาพมีค่าเพลง เพลงนี้ พวกเขาทั้งสองพัฒนากลุ่มของเครื่องดนตรีทดลอง Musique concrète (ฝรั่งเศส อักษร "คอนกรีตเพลง"), เป็นรูปแบบของเพลง electroacoustic ที่ acousmatic เสียงเป็นทรัพยากร compositional utilises ก่อฟรีหรือฟรีเพลงเป็นเพลงที่ถูกยิง โดยไม่มีกฎใด ๆ นอกเหนือจากรสชาติหรือความเอียงของ musician(s) ที่เกี่ยวข้อง นักดนตรีที่ทำให้การใช้งานอยู่พยายามหลีกเลี่ยงการอ้างอิงที่แจ่มแจ้งถึงแนวดนตรีที่เป็นที่รู้จักในหลายกรณีองค์ประกอบของดนตรีทดลองรวมเพลงที่ไม่ทราบแน่ชัด ผู้ประพันธ์แนะนำองค์ประกอบของโอกาสหรือ unpredictability ตามส่วนประกอบหรือผลการดำเนินงาน มีหลายความคิดทั่วไปใช้ โดยนักดนตรีทดลองซึ่งไม่ใช่ อย่างไรก็ตาม แนวคิดดนตรีทดลองอย่างเคร่งครัด มีเห็นแอพพลิเคชันสำคัญก่อนการถือกำเนิดของดนตรีทดลอง โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง avant garde ตัวอย่างเช่น: ขยายเทคนิค (เทคนิคประสิทธิภาพบรรเลง หรือ vocal ที่เดิน (มักจะอยู่นอกไกล) ประสิทธิภาพทั่วไปเทคนิค) และสัญลักษณ์กราฟิก (เพลงที่ถูกเขียนอยู่ในรูปแบบของไดอะแกรมหรือภาพวาด องค์ประกอบอื่น ๆ รวมถึงเครื่องมือ "เตรียม" — เครื่องมือธรรมดาที่ปรับเปลี่ยนในลักษณะการปรับแต่ง หรือ ผลิตเสียง ใช้ เครื่อง tunings แบบ หรือปรับขนาดจากประเพณีดนตรีตะวันตก ใช้เสียงปรกติทั่วไปดนตรี เช่นกระป๋องขยะ ringers โทรศัพท์ หรือประตู slamming สร้างเครื่องดนตรีทดลองเพิ่ม timbre ขององค์ และด้วยเทคนิคใหม่หรือไป ใช้เทปวนการสร้างระยะเทป และเอาการรับรู้อุปสรรคของคอนเสิร์ตแบบดั้งเดิม โดยใส่นักแสดงที่กระจัดกระจายอยู่ในหมู่ผู้ชม จุดเริ่มต้นและข้อกำหนด [แก้ไข]The Groupe de Recherches de Musique Concrète (GRMC), under the leadership of Pierre Schaeffer, organized the First International Decade of Experimental Music between 8 and 18 June 1953. This appears to have been an attempt by Schaeffer to reverse the assimilation of musique concrète into the German elektronische Musik, and instead tried to subsume musique concrète, elektronische Musik, tape music, and world music under the rubric "musique experimentale" (Palombini 1993, 18). Publication of Schaeffer's manifesto (Schaeffer 1957) was delayed by four years, by which time Schaeffer was favoring the term "recherche musicale" (music research), though he never wholly abandoned "musique expérimentale" (Palombini 1993a, 19; Palombini 1993b, 557).John Cage was also using the term as early as 1955. According to Cage's definition, "an experimental action is one the outcome of which is not foreseen"[vague] (Cage 1961, 39), and he was specifically interested in completed works that performed an unpredictable action (Mauceri 1997, 197). In Germany, the publication of Cage's article was anticipated by several months in a lecture delivered by Wolfgang Edward Rebner at the Darmstädter Ferienkurse on 13 August 1954, titled “Amerikanische Experimentalmusik". Rebner's lecture extended the concept back in time to include Charles Ives, Edgard Varèse, and Henry Cowell, as well as Cage, due to their focus on sound as such rather than compositional method (Rebner 1997).Composer and critic Michael Nyman starts from Cage's definition (Nyman 1974, 1), and develops the term "experimental" also to describe the work of other American composers (Christian Wolff, Earle Brown, Meredith Monk, Malcolm Goldstein, Morton Feldman, Terry Riley, La Monte Young, Philip Glass, John Cale, Steve Reich, etc.), as well as composers such as Gavin Bryars, Toshi Ichiyanagi, Cornelius Cardew, John Tilbury, Frederic Rzewski, and Keith Rowe (Nyman 1974, 78–81, 93–115). Nyman opposes experimental music to the European avant-garde of the time (Boulez, Kagel, Xenakis, Birtwistle, Berio, Stockhausen, and Bussotti), for whom "The identity of a composition is of paramount importance" (Nyman 1974, 2 and 9). The word "experimental" in the former cases "is apt, providing it is understood not as descriptive of an act to be later judged in terms of success or failure, but simply as of an act the outcome of which is unknown" (Cage 1961).David Cope also distinguishes between experimental and avant garde, describing experimental music as that "which represents a refusal to accept the status quo" (Cope 1997, 222). David Nicholls, too, makes this distinction, saying that "...very generally, avant-garde music can be viewed as occupying an extreme position within the tradition, while experimental music lies outside it" (Nicholls 1998, 318).Warren Burt cautions that, as "a combination of leading-edge techniques and a certain exploratory attitude", experimental music requires a broad and inclusive definition, "a series of ands, if you will", encompassing such areas as "Cageian influences and work with low technology and improvisation and sound poetry and linguistics and new instrument building and multimedia and music theatre and work with high technology and community music, among others, when these activities are done with the aim of finding those musics 'we don't like, yet,' [citing Herbert Brün] in a 'problem-seeking environment' [citing Chris Mann]” (Burt 1991, 5).In a recent dissertation, Benjamin Piekut argues that this "consensus view of experimentalism" is based on an a priori "grouping", rather than asking the question "How have these composers been collected together in the first place, that they can now be the subject of a description?" That is, "for the most part, experimental music studies describes [sic] a category without really explaining it" (Piekut 2008, 2–5). He finds laudable exceptions in the work of David Nicholls and, especially, Amy Beal (Piekut 2008, 5), and concludes from their work that "The fundamental ontological shift that marks experimentalism as an achievement is that from representationalism to performativity", so that "an explanation of experimentalism that already assumes the category it purports to explain is an exercise in metaphysics, not ontology" (Piekut 2008, 7).Leonard B. Meyer, on the other hand, includes under "experimental music" composers rejected by Nyman, such as Berio, Boulez and Stockhausen, as well as the techniques of "total serialism" (Meyer 1994, 106–107 and 266), holding that "there is no single, or even pre-eminent, experimental music, but rather a plethora of different methods and kinds" (Meyer 1994, 237).In the late 1950s, Lejaren Hiller and L. M. Isaacson used the term in connection with computer-controlled composition, in the scientific sense of "experiment" (Hiller and Isaacson 1959): making predictions for new compositions based on established musical technique (Mauceri 1997, 194–95). The term "experimental music" was used contemporaneously for electronic music, particularly in the early musique concrète work of Schaeffer and Henry in France (Vignal 2003, 298). There is a considerable overlap between Downtown music and what is more generally called experimental music, especially as that term was defined at length by Nyman in his book Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond (1974, second edition 1999).
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