native speakers of English with strategies for using specified course materials or teaching methods, usually devised on an in-house basis. The training regimen rarely includes an outline of theories of cognitive development, language acquisition, or assessment, for their chief purpose is to ensure some uniformity in the use of the materials sold as part of the
language training package. Programs providing in-house training for teachers were encoded
'PRG' in the meta-analysis.
Certificate. Language teaching certification courses such as the Royal Society for the Arts
TEFL Certificate are not uncommon for expatriate language teachers. These courses
usually provide an orientation to practical teaching methodology for in-service teachers of
English. While the range of the curriculum is certainly much broader than the typical in encoding a bachelor degree in any field as a single label also applies to the coding of
master's degrees. Some bachelor degrees, for instance, may be in a modern language or
linguistics, while some master degrees may in fact be in diverse fields ranging from finance
to geography. The specific details of graduate training in a particular field were,
unfortunately, not available from company or language school program administrators, thus
making for potential inferential problems in observing differences in effect sizes
attributable to educational qualifications.