According to the guidelines, improving one’s civilized quali-ties required only small changes to everyday behaviors; among other regulations, out-bound Chinese tour-ists were reminded to “be polite and respectful,” “wear appropriate clothes and don’t spit,” “let women and the elderly go first,” and to “be quiet while eating” (Zhongguo Wenming Wang 2006). For domestic tourists, the guidelines included an emphasis on environmental protection and admonishments against littering and spitting, as well as reminders to