Pavlov (1927) later argued that “it becomes clear on considering all the pathological cases so far described, that the underlying cause of their development is in every instance the same. Broadly, we can regard these disturbances as due to a conflict between the processes of excitation and inhibition which the cortex finds difficult to resolve” (p. 302). This supposed clash between excitation and inhibition was advanced by Pavlov as a viable explanation of the phenomenon which produced “neurotic” behavior. Although not yet named, behavior therapy was finding its definition as a clinical application of Pavlovian conditioning principles, although refinement in Pavlov’s methodology would be required. Treatments for “experimental neuroses” derived from Pavlov’s neural hypothesis using pharmacological agents, including bromide and caffeine, produced inconsistent or negligible results (Wolpe, 1996). As discussed by Wolpe and Plaud (1997), a central question concerning Pavlov’s theoretical legacy to behavior therapy is why one of the most sophisticated experimentalists of modern science adopted a neural (rather than methodological) conceptualization of psychopathology? After all, Pavlov himself (1897) asked, “what is a pathological condition? Is it not the effect produced upon the organism by the encouraging of an unusual condition, or more correctly said, an unusually intensified ordinary condition?” (p. 166, italics added). It was Pavlov’s medical training in the great tradition of Russian physiology that most probably accounted for why Pavlov resorted to a physiological, rather than an environmental, interpretation of the “experimental neuroses” data uncovered in his laboratory. For example, Pavlov (1930/1955) writes: