An elaboration of the express condition that whaling under Article VIII must be for the purposes of scientific research is provided in the IWC Guidelines for the Review of Scientific Permit Proposals. These Guidelines are outlined in a working paper published on the official IWC website and are derived from a series of Resolutions adopted by the IWC, summarised most recently in IWC Resolution 2003-2. We understand that the first such Resolution, Resolution 1986-Appendix 2 was adopted by consensus. That 1986 Resolution recommends inter alia that Contracting Governments “while complying fully with Paragraph 30 of the Schedule, should also take account of guidelines drawn up by the Scientific Committee” and goes on to recommend that both the Contracting Government and the Scientific Committee, in considering proposals, should take into account a series of considerations including: whether the objectives of the research “are not practically and scientifically feasible through non-lethal research techniques” and whether the proposed research is essential for the rational management of the stock. The Resolution reiterates that no special permit should be granted until the proposals have been reviewed in accordance with paragraph 30 of the Schedule. These criteria from the 1986 Resolution all appear to be reflected in the current Guidelines.