Color was determined at 4 defined areas on the cut surface of each frankfurter sample using a Minolta Chroma Meter CR-400 (Minolta Camera Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) that was standardized with a white plate (Y ¼ 86.3, X ¼ 0.3165 and y ¼ 0.3242). Color was expressed according to the Commission International de l'Eclairage(CIE) system and reported as CIE L*(lightness), CIE a*(redness), CIE b*(yellowness).