H1. Aone-unit increase in the audit committee effectiveness score equates to 2.8 times the odds of no fraud occurring in an organization. Hence, H1 is supported.
H2. one-unit increase in this variable’s score is associated with 2.5 times the odds of a lack of fraud, thus supporting H2
H3. ne-unit increase in this variable leads to a 2.2 times greater likelihood of an organization experiencing no fraud, which provides support for H3.
H5. The final significant variable is ethical guidelines/policy. A one-unit increase in its score is associated with 1.8 times the odds of the non-occurrence of fraud in an organization. Hence, H5 is supported