But researchers have argued protected area policy tends to alienate local residents.
For coral reefs, setting up marine reserves implies the local community can no longer
freely access the sites or must pay entry fees. Marks (1984), Leader-Williams and Albon
(1988), Kiss (1990), and Swanson and Barbier (1992) conclude this so-called ‘fences and
fines’ approach to conservation alienates local residents, which reduces the chance to
preserve the natural resource. Instead, researchers have promoted natural resource
management schemes that engage the cooperative efforts of local residents