Some of this cost is contractually picked up by the ground service providers (GSPs) themselves. According to IATA’s standard ground handling agreement, GSPs are liable up to US$1,500,000 for physical damage – but that does not cover consequential losses unless the GSP intended the damage or was deemed reckless. But, how many contracts are standard IATA contracts? And which standard IATA contract is being used, as there have been a number of revisions over the years? What is clear is that some of the cost is defrayed by the GSPs.