2.2 THE EVOLUTION OF SAFETY
The history of the progress in aviation safety can be divided into three eras.
a) The technical era — from the early 1900s until the late 1960s. Aviation emerged as a form of mass
transportation in which identified safety deficiencies were initially related to technical factors and
technological failures. The focus of safety endeavours was therefore placed on the investigation and
improvement of technical factors. By the 1950s, technological improvements led to a gradual decline
in the frequency of accidents, and safety processes were broadened to encompass regulatory
compliance and oversight.
b) The human factors era — from the early 1970s until the mid-1990s. In the early 1970s, the frequency of
aviation accidents was significantly reduced due to major technological advances and enhancements to
safety regulations. Aviation became a safer mode of transportation, and the focus of safety endeavours
was extended to include human factors issues including the man/machine interface. This led to a search
for safety information beyond that which was generated by the earlier accident investigation process.
Despite the investment of resources in error mitigation, human performance continued to be cited as a
recurring factor in accidents (Figure 2-1). The application of human factors science tended to focus on
the individual, without fully considering the operational and organizational context. It was not until the
early 1990s that it was first acknowledged that individuals operate in a complex environment, which
includes multiple factors having the potential to affect behaviour.
c) The organizational era — from the mid-1990s to the present day. During the organizational era safety
began to be viewed from a systemic perspective, which was to encompass organizational factors in
addition to human and technical factors. As a result, the notion of the ―organizational accident‖ was
introduced, considering the impact of organizational culture and policies on the effectiveness of safety
risk controls. Additionally, traditional data collection and analysis efforts, which had been limited to the
use of data collected through investigation of accidents and serious incidents, were supplemented with
a new proactive approach to safety. This new approach is based on routine collection and analysis of
data using proactive as well as reactive methodologies to monitor known safety risks and detect
emerging safety issues. These enhancements formulated the rationale for moving towards a safety
management approach.
2.2 THE EVOLUTION OF SAFETYThe history of the progress in aviation safety can be divided into three eras.a) The technical era — from the early 1900s until the late 1960s. Aviation emerged as a form of masstransportation in which identified safety deficiencies were initially related to technical factors andtechnological failures. The focus of safety endeavours was therefore placed on the investigation andimprovement of technical factors. By the 1950s, technological improvements led to a gradual declinein the frequency of accidents, and safety processes were broadened to encompass regulatorycompliance and oversight.b) The human factors era — from the early 1970s until the mid-1990s. In the early 1970s, the frequency ofaviation accidents was significantly reduced due to major technological advances and enhancements tosafety regulations. Aviation became a safer mode of transportation, and the focus of safety endeavourswas extended to include human factors issues including the man/machine interface. This led to a searchfor safety information beyond that which was generated by the earlier accident investigation process.Despite the investment of resources in error mitigation, human performance continued to be cited as arecurring factor in accidents (Figure 2-1). The application of human factors science tended to focus onthe individual, without fully considering the operational and organizational context. It was not until theearly 1990s that it was first acknowledged that individuals operate in a complex environment, whichincludes multiple factors having the potential to affect behaviour.c) The organizational era — from the mid-1990s to the present day. During the organizational era safetybegan to be viewed from a systemic perspective, which was to encompass organizational factors inaddition to human and technical factors. As a result, the notion of the ―organizational accident‖ wasintroduced, considering the impact of organizational culture and policies on the effectiveness of safetyrisk controls. Additionally, traditional data collection and analysis efforts, which had been limited to theuse of data collected through investigation of accidents and serious incidents, were supplemented witha new proactive approach to safety. This new approach is based on routine collection and analysis ofdata using proactive as well as reactive methodologies to monitor known safety risks and detectemerging safety issues. These enhancements formulated the rationale for moving towards a safetymanagement approach.
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