Closely related to project-based learning, collaboration has been identified as one of the major twenty-first century skills (Trilling & Fadel, 2009). We envision collaboration among learners as a part of project-based learning. However, we are cognizant of the fact that some students might prefer working individually for some projects, which is similar to what we do in our professional lives. Working individually and in collaboration with others can result in different learning gains and experiences. Therefore, when personalizing the projects, teachers need to help students balance individual work and group work. One of the challenges that group work might bring is the difficulty of identifying each individual’s learning (Hellström, Nilsson, & Olsson, 2009). Even when students are work
ingindividually, we have a similar challenge of how to decide which learning outcomes are acquired by each student. To overcome this challenge, we envision project-based learning with an instructional overlay (see Figure 2).