In summary, researchers have attempted to predict voice behavior using either
individual-centered (e.g., personality, attitude) or situation-centered (e.g., job
characteristics, organizational settings) variables. However, complex human
behavior such as voice is not influenced only by individual factors or contextual
factors, but an interaction of both. An individual’s behavior may vary systematically
depending on the organizational context (e.g., Barrick & Mount, 1993). Thus, in
order to adequately explain voice behavior, there is a need to develop integrative
predictive models that consider the independent and joint effects of theoretically
relevant individual and contextual variables simultaneously.