Molecular basis of active and passive immunization. A. Vaccination (active immunization) activates the body’s immune system to produce antigen-specific antibodies. In AD, full-length Aβ or a fragment of Aβ conjugated to a foreign T cell epitope carrier protein can be used as an antigen, which is delivered into the body along with an immune system booster (adjuvant). The humoral immune response is generated when APCs, which internalize and process the antigen, present T cell epitopes to naive Th lymphocytes. Binding of co-stimulatory molecules on the surfaces of APCs and T cells provides a secondary signal that enhances T cell activation. Meanwhile, the soluble antigen binds to B cell receptors via the B cell epitope, and this antigen is presented to activated T cells to help the B cell make antibodies against the antigen. Activated T cells also produce cellular immune responses. A Th1 cellular immune response leads to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas a Th2 response causes release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. b. Passive immunization bypasses the need activate the immune system to initiate an immune response to produce antigen-specific antibodies. In both active and passive Aβ immunization, anti-Aβ antibodies bind Aβ, targeting the peptide for clearance. Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid-β; APC, antigen presenting cell
Molecular basis of active and passive immunization. A. Vaccination (active immunization) activates the body’s immune system to produce antigen-specific antibodies. In AD, full-length Aβ or a fragment of Aβ conjugated to a foreign T cell epitope carrier protein can be used as an antigen, which is delivered into the body along with an immune system booster (adjuvant). The humoral immune response is generated when APCs, which internalize and process the antigen, present T cell epitopes to naive Th lymphocytes. Binding of co-stimulatory molecules on the surfaces of APCs and T cells provides a secondary signal that enhances T cell activation. Meanwhile, the soluble antigen binds to B cell receptors via the B cell epitope, and this antigen is presented to activated T cells to help the B cell make antibodies against the antigen. Activated T cells also produce cellular immune responses. A Th1 cellular immune response leads to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas a Th2 response causes release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. b. Passive immunization bypasses the need activate the immune system to initiate an immune response to produce antigen-specific antibodies. In both active and passive Aβ immunization, anti-Aβ antibodies bind Aβ, targeting the peptide for clearance. Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid-β; APC, antigen presenting cell
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