Loss of self confidence and self esteem, also associated with
depression, were noted (Stellman et al. 1984, Andreasson
et al. 1986, Tamburini et al. 1986, Corney et al. 1992).
Andersen and Hacker (1983) noted that many of the women
studied felt embarrassed and isolated postoperatively. Half
the women studied by Moth et al. (1983) had an altered sense
of their body image, describing feelings of ‘not being the same
woman’. This was supported by Stellman et al. (1984),
Andreasson et al. (1986) and Thuesen et al. (1992). The onset
of lower lymphoedema may also have a psychological
impact, as it may impact on how one sees oneself, thus
negatively affecting body image and self-esteem (Janda et al.
2004).
Stellman et al. (1984) reported that four (out of nine
women studied) women were unable to name the area that
was removed at surgery. This may have increased the
women’s feelings of isolation and embarrassment as they
were unable to use the appropriate words to describe the area
of their body affected by their diagnosis and treatment. None
of the women in other studies (Andersen & Hacker 1983,
Stellman et al. 1984) felt that they could discus their surgery
with anyone, except their most intimate friend. Feelings of
isolation were also associated with the rarity of the cancer