greatest flower numbers were in plots with the 20 % shade treatment. At week 7, plants
from the 40 % shade treatment had the greatest mass per flower. Highly significant interactions
between shade and time were manifested at week 3 for flower numbers and at
week 4 for flower mass. Flower numbers and mass decreased linearly over the shade treatments
at these times and at each subsequent week. Nitrogen also had a significant effect on
total flower mass per plant and average mass per flower but not on flower numbers with 45
kg N/ha ultimately resulting in the greatest values and 90 kg N/ha the lowest.
At harvest, flower numbers (Figure 3) and flower mass (Figure 4) exhibited
inverse linear relationships to shade levels. The greatest number of flowers was at 0 %
shade (8.9) and lowest was at 80 % shade (4.4). The greatest flower mass was 4.1 g/plant
(0 % shade) and the lowest was 2.4 g/plant (80 % shade).
Total biomass per plant decreased linearly with increasing shade from 36.0 g/plant
(0 % shade) to 12.5 g/plant (80 % shade) (Figure 5). In addition to the effect of shade,
total biomass increased linearly with increasing nitrogen supply. The increase was from
23.4 g/plant (0 kg N/ha) to 27.4 g/plant (90 kg N/ha). No interaction was observed
between shade and nitrogen on total biomass produced.
The number of leaves produced per plant decreased linearly with increasing shade
from 72.4 (0 % shade) to 44.2 (80 % shade) (Figure 6). However, a significantly greater
number of decayed and undesirable leaves were on the plants grown with less shade
(Figure 6). At 0 % shade, the average was 17.8 decayed leaves per plant, whereas at 80 %
shade the average was 4.8. Nitrogen treatments did not significantly affect leaf number or
number of decayed leaves.
Total leaf mass per plant decreased linearly with increasing shade from 20 %
(33.1 g/plant) to 80 % (17.2 g/plant). The nitrogen treatments had no significant effect on
total leaf mass. Conversely, mean leaf mass was significantly affected by the nitrogen
treatment but not by shade, increasing very slightly with a linear trend with increasing
nitrogen rates. Mean leaf mass at 0 kg N/ha was 0.42 g/leaf and at 90 kg N/ha was 0.46
g/leaf. A significant interaction occurred between shade and nitrogen. At 20 and 40 %
shade mean leaf mass increased progressively from 0 to 90 kg N/ha nitrogen with a
quadratic trend (P=0.0002 and P=0.0010 respectively). However at 60 % shade, although
with a quadratic trend in the increase (P=0.0455), the difference between mean leaf mass
at 45 kg N/ha (0.468g) and at 90 kg N/ha (0.465g) was negligible. Overall, the greatest
mean leaf mass per plant resulted from 20 % shade and 90 kg N/ha treatments (0.52g).
The total leaf area per plant decreased with a significant quadratic trend as shade
increased (Figure 7). Plants at 0 and 40 % shade had the same total leaf areas (645.7
cm2/plant). Plants at 20 % shade had the greatest total leaf area (724.5 cm2 /plant) and
those at 80 % shade the smallest (456.5 cm2/plant). Mean leaf area was affected by the
shade (Figure 8) and nitrogen (Figure 9) treatments although no interaction occurred
between these treatments. Leaves grown at 40 % shade had the greatest mean leaf area
(11.3 cm2/leaf). The mean leaf area also increased significantly with increasing levels of
nitrogen from 9.9 cm2/leaf (0 kg N/ha) to 10.7 cm2/leaf (90 kg N/ha).
The specific leaf area (total leaf area/total leaf dry mass) per plant increased
linearly with increasing shade from 136.1 cm2/g (0 % shade) to 207.2 cm2/g (80 % shade)
(Figure 10). The leaf mass ratio (total leaf dry mass/total plant dry mass) per plant
increased with increasing shade with a quadratic trend. The range of values from 0 to 60
% shade was 0.45 to 0.50, with 80 % shade resulting in a value of 0.57. The leaf area ratio
(total leaf area/total plant dry mass) per plant also increased significantly with increasing
shade from 60.8 cm2/g (0 % shade) to 119.9 cm2/g (80 % shade). The ratio of leaf to total
fresh mass increased significantly with increasing shade. The lowest ratio was 0.42 (0 %
shade) and the highest was 0.55 (80 % shade) (Figure 11).
The increase in leaf quality ratings followed a linear trend, with quality improving
as shade increased (Figure 12). Plants grown under 0 % shade had a quality rating of 0.03
whereas those grown under 80 % shade had a rating of 0.88. The dry matter content of the
leaves significantly decreased with increasing shade from 15.98 % (0 % shade) to 12.85
% (80 % shade).
greatest flower numbers were in plots with the 20 % shade treatment. At week 7, plants
from the 40 % shade treatment had the greatest mass per flower. Highly significant interactions
between shade and time were manifested at week 3 for flower numbers and at
week 4 for flower mass. Flower numbers and mass decreased linearly over the shade treatments
at these times and at each subsequent week. Nitrogen also had a significant effect on
total flower mass per plant and average mass per flower but not on flower numbers with 45
kg N/ha ultimately resulting in the greatest values and 90 kg N/ha the lowest.
At harvest, flower numbers (Figure 3) and flower mass (Figure 4) exhibited
inverse linear relationships to shade levels. The greatest number of flowers was at 0 %
shade (8.9) and lowest was at 80 % shade (4.4). The greatest flower mass was 4.1 g/plant
(0 % shade) and the lowest was 2.4 g/plant (80 % shade).
Total biomass per plant decreased linearly with increasing shade from 36.0 g/plant
(0 % shade) to 12.5 g/plant (80 % shade) (Figure 5). In addition to the effect of shade,
total biomass increased linearly with increasing nitrogen supply. The increase was from
23.4 g/plant (0 kg N/ha) to 27.4 g/plant (90 kg N/ha). No interaction was observed
between shade and nitrogen on total biomass produced.
The number of leaves produced per plant decreased linearly with increasing shade
from 72.4 (0 % shade) to 44.2 (80 % shade) (Figure 6). However, a significantly greater
number of decayed and undesirable leaves were on the plants grown with less shade
(Figure 6). At 0 % shade, the average was 17.8 decayed leaves per plant, whereas at 80 %
shade the average was 4.8. Nitrogen treatments did not significantly affect leaf number or
number of decayed leaves.
Total leaf mass per plant decreased linearly with increasing shade from 20 %
(33.1 g/plant) to 80 % (17.2 g/plant). The nitrogen treatments had no significant effect on
total leaf mass. Conversely, mean leaf mass was significantly affected by the nitrogen
treatment but not by shade, increasing very slightly with a linear trend with increasing
nitrogen rates. Mean leaf mass at 0 kg N/ha was 0.42 g/leaf and at 90 kg N/ha was 0.46
g/leaf. A significant interaction occurred between shade and nitrogen. At 20 and 40 %
shade mean leaf mass increased progressively from 0 to 90 kg N/ha nitrogen with a
quadratic trend (P=0.0002 and P=0.0010 respectively). However at 60 % shade, although
with a quadratic trend in the increase (P=0.0455), the difference between mean leaf mass
at 45 kg N/ha (0.468g) and at 90 kg N/ha (0.465g) was negligible. Overall, the greatest
mean leaf mass per plant resulted from 20 % shade and 90 kg N/ha treatments (0.52g).
The total leaf area per plant decreased with a significant quadratic trend as shade
increased (Figure 7). Plants at 0 and 40 % shade had the same total leaf areas (645.7
cm2/plant). Plants at 20 % shade had the greatest total leaf area (724.5 cm2 /plant) and
those at 80 % shade the smallest (456.5 cm2/plant). Mean leaf area was affected by the
shade (Figure 8) and nitrogen (Figure 9) treatments although no interaction occurred
between these treatments. Leaves grown at 40 % shade had the greatest mean leaf area
(11.3 cm2/leaf). The mean leaf area also increased significantly with increasing levels of
nitrogen from 9.9 cm2/leaf (0 kg N/ha) to 10.7 cm2/leaf (90 kg N/ha).
The specific leaf area (total leaf area/total leaf dry mass) per plant increased
linearly with increasing shade from 136.1 cm2/g (0 % shade) to 207.2 cm2/g (80 % shade)
(Figure 10). The leaf mass ratio (total leaf dry mass/total plant dry mass) per plant
increased with increasing shade with a quadratic trend. The range of values from 0 to 60
% shade was 0.45 to 0.50, with 80 % shade resulting in a value of 0.57. The leaf area ratio
(total leaf area/total plant dry mass) per plant also increased significantly with increasing
shade from 60.8 cm2/g (0 % shade) to 119.9 cm2/g (80 % shade). The ratio of leaf to total
fresh mass increased significantly with increasing shade. The lowest ratio was 0.42 (0 %
shade) and the highest was 0.55 (80 % shade) (Figure 11).
The increase in leaf quality ratings followed a linear trend, with quality improving
as shade increased (Figure 12). Plants grown under 0 % shade had a quality rating of 0.03
whereas those grown under 80 % shade had a rating of 0.88. The dry matter content of the
leaves significantly decreased with increasing shade from 15.98 % (0 % shade) to 12.85
% (80 % shade).
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