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Key Points
• Change from a sedentary lifestyle to moderate physical activity has beneficial effects on cognitive performance in old age, and preliminary evidence suggests that such change may reduce incidence of dementia.
• Evidence of beneficial effects of cognitive training and nutritional supplements on cognitive ability and dementia incidence is insufficient.
• The design of future trials investigating nutritional interventions needs to be tailored by the principle of an inverted U-shaped association between nutrient levels and function.
• The design of cognitive training studies needs to consider dementia diagnosis and transfer tasks as primary outcome measures.