Outsourcing refers to the process whereby activities traditionally carried out internally are contracted out to external providers. (Domberger 1998: 12.) However, the number of outsourced services has remained low in municipalities. Local governments still prefer to produce services in-house. In the future, the lack of a workforce will mean fewer opportunities to use in-house production and there will be a need to find other ways to produce services. (Kettunen 2006: 336–338.) Examples include outsourced cultural and recreational services, water and wastewater management, cleaning and janitorial services. (Kuntalehti 10/2005, 11/2005, Kuntaliitto 2005.)