The impact of protection system hidden failures on bulk
power system reliability is demonstrated with a breaker
oriented three-phase 24-substation reliability test system as
shown in Figure 3. The breaker-oriented three-phase system is
mostly derived from the original IEEE 24-bus reliability test
system (RTS) developed by the IEEE Reliability
subcommittee and publicized in 1979 [18]. The original IEEE
24-bus RTS is a single-phase bus-oriented system, and the-
approach that has been used to develop the breaker-oriented
three-phase model is as follows: