Creoles
European colonial expansion during the 15th-19th centuries led to the creation of new communities in which colonial languages come in contact with the indigenous languages of the colonized. In extreme cases, such as the plantations of the New World, where huge numbers of West African slaves were transplanted during the era of European colonization, contact led to the emergence of creole languages, so called because they were used by the 'creole' or locally born slaves (as well as many Europeans) in the colonies. These creole languages are a blend of mostly European vocabulary with a grammar representing a compromise between that of the West African substrate and that of the European superstrate. Creoles differ primarily in the extent of one or the other of these influences on their grammar.
Other Outcomes
In other colonial settings, long-term contact between European and indigenous languages led to outcomes such as bilingual mixed languages and 'indigenized' varieties of the European languages. The best example of the former is the Media Lengua of Ecuador, a language which incorporates Spanish vocabulary into a virtually unchanged grammatical framework of Quechua. The best known indigenized varieties are the 'New Englishes' of countries like India, Nigeria, and Singapore where English has been restructured under influence of the pronunciation patterns and grammar of the local languages. Some of these varieties have been given names that reflect their local roots, like 'Singlish' of Singapore and 'Pringlish' of Puerto Rico