1. Introduction
1.1. Integrating mobile devices with learning and instruction
Mobile computers have gradually been introduced into educational contexts over the past 2 decades. Mobile technology
has led to most people to carry their own individual small computers that contain exceptional computing power, such as
laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), tablet personal computers (PCs), cell phones, and e-book readers. This large
amount of computing power and portability, combined with the wireless communication and context sensitivity tools, makes
one-to-one computing a learning tool of great potential in both traditional classrooms and outdoor informal learning.