mmersion programs come in different forms. Fortune and Tedick (2008) outlined three broad types of immersion programs: one-way immersion (a.k.a., foreign language immersion), two-way immersion (a.k.a., dual language immersion), and indigenous immersion programs. One-way immersion programs primarily aim to develop high proficiency in the instructional target language; students are mostly homogenous non-native speakers of the target language. Two-way immersion programs, which are currently gaining popularity in the United States, aim to develop high proficiency in two target languages; students make up two linguistic groups who have one of the target languages as their native language. Thus, the students in two-way immersion programs move in two directions towards the native languages of their linguistically different peers. Indigenous immersion programs, on the other hand, have a distinctly different goal in comparison with one- and two-way immersion programs; they intend to revitalize their indigenous culture and language for entire Native communities. Within each type of immersion program, there are a myriad of variations depending on when programs start and the ratio of the instructional languages (e.g., early immersion vs. late immersion, total immersion vs. partial immersion) (Swain & Johnson, 1997).