ages 42–53 years at baseline, who had no child births after age 42. Bone mineral density (BMD) was
measured in the femoral neck and the lumbar spine at the baseline SWAN visit using dual-energy x-ray absorp tiometry,
and the composite indices of femoral neck strength relative to load
(in three failure modes: compression,bending, and impact)
were calculated from femoral neck BMD,
relative to load