After transfection of cellulase-immobilized CSCNT, A. thaliana mesophyll cells showed condensed masses of CNT that usually disassemble into scattered fragments and homogenously harbor the cells (Fig. 5A,B). Such disassembly possibly occurs due to the digestion of binding cellulase inside cell lysosomes. Tracheary cells differentiated from CSCNT-transfected mesophyll cells showed fluorescence heterogeneity, where an integer part of the tracheidal cell fluoresced in the AlexaFlour 488 red channel rather than the lignin-detection GFP-UV green channel. Both parts appeared complementary within the framework of the tracheary cell, suggesting the presence of an altered chemical composition (Fig. 5C).