Direct electrification
Use of electricity via a cable as the primary transport fuel.
Battery electrification
Use of electricity via a battery as the primary transport fuel.
Hydrogen
Convert electricity into hydrogen, which is then used in the vehicles.
Fermentation
Convert straw to a fuel suitable for transport
(i.e. ethanol) using a fermenter.
Bioenergy
hydrogenation
Gasify a biomass resource OR use anaerobic digester to produce biogas. Afterwards boost its energy potential as a transport fuel using hydrogen from steam electrolysis.
CO2 hydrogenation
(CO2Hydro)
Create a fuel without any direct bioenergy consumption using hydrogen from steam electrolysis and sequestered carbon dioxide.
Co-electrolysis
Create a fuel without any direct bioenergy
consumption by using co-electrolysis of steam
and sequestered carbon dioxide