According to Schmidt and Kunzmann (2006) HRD must be understood in a broad sense,
incorporating formal training, self-directed learning, informal and collaborative learning
activities. The ontology should avoid an overly bias towards one of these forms, although it is clear that formal training is much better understood than informal and collaborative learning
activities, which is still subject of major research activities.
Kumar (2005) expressed that HRD is not only training for operational skills but also includes
behavioral skills as it ultimately aims to create an enabling culture wherein the capabilities are
“acquired, sharpened and used”