3. Model development
3.1. Model student learning outcomes
To develop the model used in this study, we focus on the established positive association between active learning by students and enhanced learning outcomes. Specifically, we predict that greater usage of the MarlinaLS system, as a proxy for student interaction and engagement with the subject CM, will have positive implications for learning outcomes
achieved by students. We use student examination performance as our primary measure of student learning outcomes. Further, in keeping with prior research, we control for several other demographic-type factors which also may impact upon student learning outcomes. We therefore posit the following functional relationship: