The remainder of this report examines what kind of higher education teaching could be conducive to strengthening skills for innovation. It focuses particularly on PBL, but also examines specific characteristics of more conventional teaching behaviours. Firstly, the report sets out some trends in and examples of teaching and learning models in higher education, as well as some government initiatives in OECD countries around teaching effectiveness. The following chapter examines the empirical evidence on how PBL may influence aspects of skills for innovation compared with more traditional models of teaching. The report then explores the evidence for how specific teaching behaviours may enhance the instructional effectiveness of direct (i.e. non-PBL) higher education teaching. The final chapter concludes and summarises the future research challenges in the area of PBL and higher education teaching effectiveness.