Frank Bunker Gilbreth and Frederick Winslow Taylor are the most important pioneers in the development of the first two approaches. Both researchers were interested in the search for the best way of doing a given task. Gilbreth, in particular, was interested in the study of needless, ill-directed and ineffective motions in construction processes. The motion studies of Gilbreth associated with the time studies of Frederick Taylor gave birth to the “Scientific Management School” (Gilbreth 1911, Taylor 1985). After the 2nd World War, the Japanese companies pushed these approaches towards new limits and used them even more intensively during the re-construction period.