In discussing the application of the principles of programmed learning to a specific course, one encounters a problem which is crucial in all aspects of formal education. This is the problem of what is technically known as “ transfer”. In everyday language this concerns the extent to which past learning can be applied to new situations. In a recent research investigation, for instance, it was found that there was no measurable transfer from a course on educational psychology to teaching in the classroom. In other words, there was no correlation between marks obtained on the course examination and grades allocated for teaching practice. In the same way it would be quite possible for a person training to be a teacher to memorise all the principles of programmed learning and to pass an examination on them without this having any noticeable effect on his teaching. This may be because the relevance of prior learning is not appreciated in a subsequent practical situation, or because learning is directed at passing examinations, which are regarded as ends in themselves. In either case the teacher can help by relating the maerical learned to the sort of situation for which it is intended. To do this it is obviously necessary to define and analyse the aims and objectives f the course concerned, even if it does not seem to have any obvious practical implicatons. The aims and objectives o a course on car maintenance , for instance , would be easier to define than those of one on English literature. This raises two general educational problems which should be considerated before dealing with more specific maters. The two ploblems are closely related, one being concerned with the type of course taught and the other with the kind of learning experienced by the student.
In discussing the application of the principles of programmed learning to a specific course, one encounters a problem which is crucial in all aspects of formal education. This is the problem of what is technically known as “ transfer”. In everyday language this concerns the extent to which past learning can be applied to new situations. In a recent research investigation, for instance, it was found that there was no measurable transfer from a course on educational psychology to teaching in the classroom. In other words, there was no correlation between marks obtained on the course examination and grades allocated for teaching practice. In the same way it would be quite possible for a person training to be a teacher to memorise all the principles of programmed learning and to pass an examination on them without this having any noticeable effect on his teaching. This may be because the relevance of prior learning is not appreciated in a subsequent practical situation, or because learning is directed at passing examinations, which are regarded as ends in themselves. In either case the teacher can help by relating the maerical learned to the sort of situation for which it is intended. To do this it is obviously necessary to define and analyse the aims and objectives f the course concerned, even if it does not seem to have any obvious practical implicatons. The aims and objectives o a course on car maintenance , for instance , would be easier to define than those of one on English literature. This raises two general educational problems which should be considerated before dealing with more specific maters. The two ploblems are closely related, one being concerned with the type of course taught and the other with the kind of learning experienced by the student.
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