In contrast to a future or forward contract in which the contract carries an obligation to purchase or sell later at a set price, a separate category of contract exists which carries a right to do so, but not an obligation. These contracts are known as options. The two major types give the right to buy at a fixed price (a call option) and sell at a fixed price (a put option). In the terminology of taking positions (on whether a stock will rise or fall), the investor “writing” a put (selling it) or buying a call is taking a short position, betting that the stock’s value will decline over the term of the contract. The investor writing a call or buying a put is taking the converse long position. Options contracts can either be exchange traded or OTC, with the same consequences that followed for futures and forwards. Using options to take a position instead of buying or shorting the underlying stocks has the advantage of, for the same price, allowing one to leverage a higher number of underlying shares. Stock options are a fundamental part of executive payment packages, usually consisting of a call option, allowing the executive to buy stock at some low price in the future. This ties the option to company performance: the higher above the strike value the stock is, the more profit is made on the options. What a given option is worth before the strike date, however, is a non-trivial problem and requires some significant modeling assumptions and mathematical complexity. The major model used for this purpose is known as the Black-Schoals formula, which is a set of partial differential equations.
In contrast to a future or forward contract in which the contract carries an obligation to purchase or sell later at a set price, a separate category of contract exists which carries a right to do so, but not an obligation. These contracts are known as options. The two major types give the right to buy at a fixed price (a call option) and sell at a fixed price (a put option). In the terminology of taking positions (on whether a stock will rise or fall), the investor “writing” a put (selling it) or buying a call is taking a short position, betting that the stock’s value will decline over the term of the contract. The investor writing a call or buying a put is taking the converse long position. Options contracts can either be exchange traded or OTC, with the same consequences that followed for futures and forwards. Using options to take a position instead of buying or shorting the underlying stocks has the advantage of, for the same price, allowing one to leverage a higher number of underlying shares. Stock options are a fundamental part of executive payment packages, usually consisting of a call option, allowing the executive to buy stock at some low price in the future. This ties the option to company performance: the higher above the strike value the stock is, the more profit is made on the options. What a given option is worth before the strike date, however, is a non-trivial problem and requires some significant modeling assumptions and mathematical complexity. The major model used for this purpose is known as the Black-Schoals formula, which is a set of partial differential equations.
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