reduction of the DPPH radical was measured by monitoring the decrease of absorption at 517 nm. DPPH scavenging effect was calculated as the percentage of DPPH discoloration using the following equation: % scavenging effect = [(ADPPH − AS)/ADPPH]×100, where AS is the absorbance of the solution when the sample extract has been added at a particular level and ADPPH is the absorbance of the DPPH solution.